A defoamer or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in industrial process liquids. The terms anti-foam agent and defoamer are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, defoamers eliminate existing foam and anti-foamers prevent the formation of further foam. Commonly used agents are insoluble oils, polydimethylsiloxanes and other silicones, certain alcohols, stearates, and glycols. The additive is used to prevent the formation of foam or is added to break a foam already formed.
In industrial processes, foams pose serious problems. They cause defects in surface coatings and prevent the efficient filling of containers. A variety of chemical formulae are available to prevent the formation of foams.
Properties DEFOAMER
Generally, a defoamer is insoluble in the foaming medium and has surface-active properties. An essential feature of a defoamer product is its low viscosity and the facility to spread rapidly on foamy surfaces. It has an affinity to the air-liquid surface where it destabilizes the foam lamellas. This causes the rupture of the air bubbles and the breakdown of surface foam. Entrained air bubbles are agglomerated, and the larger bubbles rise to the surface of the bulk liquid more quickly.
Detergents
Anti-foams are added in certain types of detergents to reduce foaming which might decrease the action of the detergent. For example, dishwasher detergents have to be low foaming for the dishwasher to work properly. Defoamer is added into the recovery tank of carpet extractors to prevent too much-foaming damage to the vac motor.
Food
When used as an ingredient in food, antifoaming agents are intended to curb effusion or effervescence in preparation or serving.The agents are included in a variety of foods and in materials for food preparation; McDonald’s includes polydimethylsiloxane (a type of silicone) in its oil to mitigate hazardous splashes of oil caused by foaming in fryers, so it has been listed as an ingredient in their chicken nuggets, french fries, and other fried menu items.
Industrial use
Defoamers are used in many industrial processes and products: wood pulp, paper, paint, industrial wastewater treatment, food processing, oil drilling, machine tool industry, oils cutting tools, hydraulics, etc.
Pharmaceuticals
Antifoaming agents are also sold commercially to relieve bloating. A familiar example is the drug simethicone, which is the active ingredient in drugs such as Maalox, Mylanta, and Gas-X.
PRODUCT’s GENERAL INFORMATION
SUPPORTING BY PRESENT SAMPLE!
Appearance
Emulsion liquid
Nature
Silicon
pH (1:10 solution)
6-8
Density @ 20 oC
1.0 ± 0.005 g/cm3
Solubility
Oil and water soluble
Packing Style:
55 US Gallons Drums
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Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda,is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−.
Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH2O. The monohydrate NaOH·H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available “sodium hydroxide” is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound.
As one of the simplest hydroxides, sodium hydroxide is frequently used alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.
Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the making of wood pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps, and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons, while demand was 51 million tons.
Uses CAUSTIC SODA:
Sodium hydroxide is a popular strong base used in industry. Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. In bulk, it is most often handled as an aqueous solution,since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle.
Sodium hydroxide is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture or to neutralize acids.
For example, in the petroleum industry, sodium hydroxide is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses.
Another use is in Salt spray testing where pH needs to be regulated. Sodium hydroxide is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test.
Poor-quality crude oil can be treated with sodium hydroxide to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing. As above, sodium hydroxide reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed. The waste which is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this. In 2006, Trafigura used the process and then dumped the waste in Ivory Coast.
Other common uses of sodium hydroxide include:
for making soaps and detergents. Sodium hydroxide is used for hard bar soap, while potassium hydroxide is used for liquid soaps.
Sodium hydroxide is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.
as drain cleaners that contain sodium hydroxide convert fats and grease that can clog pipes into soap, which dissolves in water (see cleaning agent).
for making artificial textile fibers (such as rayon).
in the manufacture of paper. Around 56% of sodium hydroxide produced is used by industry, 25% of which is used in the paper industry (see chemical pulping).
in purifying bauxite ore from which aluminum metal is extracted. This is known as the Bayer process (see dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds).
in de-greasing metals, oil refining, and making dyes and bleaches.
in water treatment plants for pH regulation.
to treat bagels and pretzel dough, giving a distinctive shiny finish.
Chemical pulping
Sodium hydroxide is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. Along with sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the kraft process. It also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of bleaching the brown pulp resulting from the pulping process. These stages include oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strongly alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at the end of the stages.
Tissue digestion
In a similar fashion, sodium hydroxide is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of sodium hydroxide and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact). This eventually turns the body into a liquid with a dark brown color, and the only solids that remain are bone hulls, which can be crushed between one’s fingertips.
Sodium hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors.Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses. Italian serial killer Leonarda Cianciulli used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap. In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it.
Sodium hydroxide is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein. If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water. Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness.
Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds
Strong bases attack aluminum. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminum and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminum takes the oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes the oxygen atom from the water, and releases the two hydrogen atoms. The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate. In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminum can dissolve in.
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2
Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminum for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, Na3AlO3, Na[Al(OH)4], Na2O·Al2O3, or Na2Al2O4. Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate is given by:
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3 H2
This reaction can be useful in etching, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or also dining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions.
In the Bayer process, sodium hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminum) which is the raw material used to produce aluminum metal via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process. Since the alumina is amphoteric, it dissolves in the sodium hydroxide, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud.
Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions to give sodium zincate and sodium plumbate respectively.
Esterification and transesterification reagent
Sodium hydroxide is traditionally used in soap making (cold process soap, saponification). It was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than a liquid product because it was easier to store and transport.
For the manufacture of biodiesel, sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides. This only works with anhydrous sodium hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol. NaOH is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed. Due to production costs, NaOH, which is produced using common salt is cheaper than potassium hydroxide.
Food preparation
Food uses of sodium hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream.Olives are often soaked in sodium hydroxide for softening; Pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a sodium hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp. Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food-grade sodium hydroxide in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of sodium hydroxide. It is known as E number E524.
Specific foods processed with sodium hydroxide include:
German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold sodium hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust.
Lye water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes.
Most yellow-colored Chinese noodles are made with lye water but are commonly mistaken for containing eggs.
One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor.
Sodium hydroxide is also the chemical that causes gelling of egg whites in the production of Century eggs.
Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine.[43]
The Filipino dessert (Filipino: kakawin) called kutsinta uses a small quantity of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly-like consistency. A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as pits-pits or pichi-pichi except that the mixture uses grated cassava instead of rice flour.
The Norwegian dish is known as lutefisk (Norwegian: lutfisk, lit. ’lye fish’).
Bagels are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust.
Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye water. These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits. Hominy is used to create Masa, a popular flour used in Mexican cuisine to make Corn tortillas and tamales. Nixtamal is similar but uses calcium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide.
Cleaning agent
Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called “caustic”. It is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. It can dissolve grease, oils, fats, and protein-based deposits. It is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties. Surfactants can be added to the sodium hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition. A sodium hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware. It is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners.
A common use of sodium hydroxide is in the production of parts washer detergents. Parts washer detergents based on sodium hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts of washer cleaning chemicals. The sodium hydroxide-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors, and defoamers. A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated sodium hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications. Sodium hydroxide used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol. Water and sodium hydroxide detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over solvent-based cleaning methods.
Sodium hydroxide is used in the home as a type of drain opener to unblock clogged drains, usually in the form of a dry crystal or as a thick liquid gel. The alkali dissolves greases to produce water-soluble products. It also hydrolyzes proteins, such as those found in hair, which may block water pipes. These reactions are sped by the heat generated when sodium hydroxide and the other chemical components of the cleaner dissolve in water. Such alkaline drain cleaners and their acidic versions are highly corrosive and should be handled with great caution.
Relaxer
Sodium hydroxide is used in some relaxers to straighten hair. However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, manufacturers of chemical relaxers use other alkaline chemicals in preparations available to consumers. Sodium hydroxide relaxers are still available, but they are used mostly by professionals.
Paint stripper
A solution of sodium hydroxide in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. Its use has become less common, because it can damage the wood surface, raising the grain and staining the color.
Water treatment
Sodium hydroxide is sometimes used during water purification to raise the pH of water supplies. Increased pH makes the water less corrosive to plumbing and reduces the amount of lead, copper, and other toxic metals that can dissolve into drinking water.
Historical uses
Sodium hydroxide has been used for the detection of carbon monoxide poisoning, with blood samples of such patients turning to a vermilion color upon the addition of a few drops of sodium hydroxide. Today, carbon monoxide poisoning can be detected by CO oximetry.
In cement mixes, mortars, concrete, grouts
Sodium hydroxide is used in some cement mix plasticizers. This helps homogenize cement mixes, preventing segregation of sands and cement, decreases the amount of water required in a mix, and increases the workability of the ceme
PRODUCT’s GENERAL INFORMATION
SUPPORTING BY PRESENT SAMPLE!
Appearance
White Flakes
NaOH
Min 98%
Na2Co3
Max 1%
NaCl
Max 500 PPM
Ni
Max 5 PPM
Fe
Max 15 PPM
Packing Style:
1 Metric Ton Jumbo Bag (PP / PE)
25 Kg Bag
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WhatsApp Number: +98 (939) 808-1125
https://ramacopetroleum.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CAUSTIC-SODA.webp500900petroleumhttps://ramacopetroleum.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/logo-smal-dark.pngpetroleum2023-04-12 15:01:102023-04-20 14:05:53CAUSTIC SODA
Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder.
Uses SODIUM FORMATE
Sodium formate is used in several fabric dyeing and printing processes. It is also used as a buffering agent for strong mineral acids to increase their pH, as a food additive (E237), and as a de-icing agent.
In structural biology, sodium formate can be used as a cryoprotectant for X-ray diffraction experiments on protein crystals, which are typically conducted at a temperature of 100 K to reduce the effects of radiation damage.
Sodium formate plays a role in the synthesis of formic acid, it is converted by sulfuric acid.
The urticating hair of stinging nettles contains sodium formate as well as formic acid.
Solid sodium formate is used as a non-corrosive agent at airports for de-icing of runways in the mix with corrosion inhibitors and other additives, which rapidly penetrate solid snow and ice layers, detach them from the asphalt or concrete, and melt the ice rapidly. Sodium formate was also used as a road deicer in the city of Ottawa from 1987 to 1988.
The high freezing point depression e.g. in comparison to the still frequently used urea (which is effective but problematic due to eutrophication) effectively prevents the re-icing, even at temperatures below −15 °C. The thawing effect of the solid sodium formate can even be increased by moistening with aqueous potassium formate or potassium acetate solutions. The degradability of sodium formate is particularly advantageous with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 211 mg O2/g compared with the de-icing agent’s sodium acetate (740 mg O2/g) and urea (> 2,000 mg O2/g).
Saturated sodium formate solutions (as well as mixtures of other alkali metal formates such as potassium and cesium formate) are used as important drilling and stabilizing aids in gas and oil exploration because of their relatively high density. By mixing the corresponding saturated alkali metal formate solutions any densities between 1,0 and 2,3 g/cm3 can be set. The saturated solutions are biocidal and long-term stable against microbial degradation. Diluted, on the other hand, they are fast and completely biodegradable. As alkali metal formates as drilling aids make it unnecessary to add solid fillers to increase the density (such as barytes) and the formate solutions can be recovered and recycled at the drilling site, formates represent an important advance in exploration technology.
PRODUCT’s GENERAL INFORMATION
SUPPORTING BY PRESENT SAMPLE!
Applicable Standard
White Powder
Active Matter and Purity
95 – 98 %
PH
9 – 10
Moisture
Max 1%
Packing Style:
1 Metric Ton Jumbo Bag (PP / PE)
25 Kg Bag
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Gilsonite is used in drilling mud fluids and oil well cementing. Gilsonite, in a range of softening points and particle sizes, is a standard ingredient in oil-based drilling muds used in shales and other difficult geological formations. The addition of specially-treated Gilsonite to water-based drilling fluids helps minimize hole washout by stabilizing troublesome shales and sealing off highly permeable sands while reducing torque and drag. The addition of Gilsonite to oil well cement reduces slurry weight without loss of compressive strength and acts as an effective bridging and plugging agent to seal fractures in weak formations while cementing. also, Gilsonite uses in Mud drilling according to FLC ” Filtrate Loss Control ” or ” Fluid Loss Control ” in oil base mud.
Cementing DRILLING GILSONITE
A cement produced by Gilsonite is suitable for blocking or plugging an abandoned pipeline or backfilling a mine shaft, tunnel or excavation contains Portland cement or a mixture of at least two components selected from Portland cement, A cementitious slurry, formulated from the cement mix, may have a density less than or equal to 1500 kg/m3, and exhibits good compressive strength.
In the formulation of the cementing composition of the product, it is preferable to employ Gilsonite in an amount ranging from approximately one-half to approximately ten times by volume the amount of the cement utilized, depending upon the particular result desired.
The lower range is employed where maximum strength is important; the higher range is where the various qualities imparted by the gilsonite are most important.
Particle size and particle size distribution of the Gilsonite determine the strength and porosity-permeability characteristics of the set cement for any given mix ratio.
Where maximum strength is desirable, a coarse gilsonite Where lightest weight and lowest porosity-permeability are important and strength is to be sacrificed or is of little importance, an aggregate of minus 50 mesh or finer may be used.
Conditions are often encountered in the field requiring various combinations of particle size and particle size distribution. The above examples represent extremes. The mix must, however, always be pumpable through the system from the mixing point to the final point of placement of the cement slurry. The coarser the aggregate, the less that may be present in any given slurry without impending pump ability.
For example, a cement-Gilsonite ratio of 1:4, using the coarse aggregate specified above, is difficult to pump and is likely to plug restricted passages in the system, whereas the same mix, using the fine aggregate specified above, will never plug if the water-cement ratio is high enough.
An amount of a petroleum solvent which depends upon the amount of Gilsonite present may be added to the wet or dry mix for wetting the surface of the Gilsonite particles and causing them to form an intimate bond with casing and earth formations of the borehole, thus preventing corrosion and minimizing pulling away of the cement from the casing and/or borehole wall by reason of the shrinkage normal to the setting of the cement.
Instead of adding the solvent directly to the mix, it may be pumped through the casing and into the cementing zone in advance of the gilsonite-cement slurry.
Fluid Loss Control (FLC)
The product relates to a composition comprising an HPHT fluid loss control aid, stable at elevated temperatures and which also acts as an excellent shale stabilizer, bore hold lubricant, sealant for depleted sand, and wall cake conditioner. The HPHT fluid loss control aid broadly comprises a Gilsonite (asphaltite, asphaltum, Gilsonite, uintaite, natural asphalt, natural bitumen) which also contains a surfactant such as a nonionic surfactant. The HPHT fluid loss control aid also contains a solubilized lignite such as causticized lignite and carbon black. The fluid loss control aid reduces HPHT filtrate loss, has good stability at elevated temperatures such as at 300 °F, stabilizes troublesome shales and decreases bore hole erosion, helps seal depleted sands, reduces torque and drag, causes no adverse effects on the flow properties of the properly conditioned drilling fluid, and lowers total well costs.
PRODUCT’s GENERAL INFORMATION
SUPPORTING BY PRESENT SAMPLE!
Appearance
Black Fine-Grained Powder
Ash Content (WT)
Max 10%
Moisture Content (WT)
0.5 – 1.5 %
Softening Point
170 – 230
Fixed Carbon
25 – 35
Volatile Mater (WT)
60 – 65%
Packing Style:
1 Metric Ton Jumbo Bag (PP / PE)
25 Kg Bag
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Sodium chloride /ˌsoʊdiəm ˈklɔːraɪd/,[8] commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form, salt (also known as table salt) is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. Another major application of sodium chloride is the deicing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.
Uses NaCl (Salt):
In addition to the familiar domestic uses of salt, more dominant applications of the approximately 250 million tonnes per year production (2008 data) include chemicals and de-icing.
Chemical functions
Salt is used, directly or indirectly, in the production of many chemicals, which consume most of the world’s production.
Soda-ash industry
Sodium chloride is used in the Solvay process to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. Sodium carbonate, in turn, is used to produce glass, sodium bicarbonate, and dyes, as well as a myriad of other chemicals. In the Mannheim process, sodium chloride is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.
Standard
Sodium chloride has an international standard that is created by ASTM International. The standard is named ASTM E534-13 and is the standard test method for the chemical analysis of sodium chloride. These methods listed provide procedures for analyzing sodium chloride to determine whether it is suitable for its intended use and application.
Miscellaneous industrial uses
Sodium chloride is heavily used, so even relatively minor applications can consume massive quantities. In oil and gas exploration, salt is an important component of drilling fluids in good drilling. It is used to flocculate and increase the density of the drilling fluid to overcome high down-well gas pressures. Whenever a drill hits a salt formation, salt is added to the drilling fluid to saturate the solution in order to minimize the dissolution within the salt stratum. Salt is also used to increase the curing of concrete in cemented casings.
In textiles and dyeing, salt is used as a brine rinse to separate organic contaminants, to promote “salting out” of dyestuff precipitates, and to blend with concentrated dyes to standardize them. One of its main roles is to provide the positive ion charge to promote the absorption of negatively charged ions of dyes.
It is also used in processing aluminum, beryllium, copper, steel, and vanadium. In the pulp and paper industry, salt is used to bleach wood pulp. It also is used to make sodium chlorate, which is added along with sulfuric acid and water to manufacture chlorine dioxide, an excellent oxygen-based bleaching chemical. The chlorine dioxide process, which originated in Germany after World War I, is becoming more popular because of environmental pressures to reduce or eliminate chlorinated bleaching compounds. In tanning and leather treatment, salt is added to animal hides to inhibit microbial activity on the underside of the hides and to attract moisture back into the hides.
In rubber manufacture, salt is used to make buna, neoprene, and white rubber types. Salt brine and sulfuric acid are used to coagulate an emulsified latex made from chlorinated butadiene.
Salt also is added to secure the soil and to provide firmness to the foundation on which highways are built. The salt acts to minimize the effects of shifting caused in the subsurface by changes in humidity and traffic load.
Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant because of its hygroscopic properties, making salting an effective method of food preservation historically; the salt draws water out of bacteria through osmotic pressure, keeping it from reproducing, a major source of food spoilage. Even though more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for humans to ingest.
Water softening
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions that interfere with the action of soap and contribute to the buildup of a scale or film of alkaline mineral deposits in household and industrial equipment and pipes. Commercial and residential water-softening units use ion exchange to remove ions that cause hardness. These resins are generated and regenerated using sodium chloride.
Road salt
The second major application of salt is for deicing and anti-icing of roads, both in grit bins and spread by winter service vehicles. In anticipation of snowfall, roads are optimally “anti-iced” with brine (concentrated solution of salt in water), which prevents bonding between the snow-ice and the road surface. This procedure obviates the heavy use of salt after the snowfall. For de-icing, mixtures of brine and salt are used, sometimes with additional agents such as calcium chloride and/or magnesium chloride. The use of salt or brine becomes ineffective below −10 °C (14 °F).
Salt for de-icing in the United Kingdom predominantly comes from a single mine in Winsford in Cheshire. Prior to distribution, it is mixed with <100 ppm of sodium ferrocyanide as an anticaking agent, which enables rock salt to flow freely out of the gritting vehicles despite being stockpiled prior to use. In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt. Other additives had been used in road salt to reduce the total costs. For example, in the US, a byproduct carbohydrate solution from sugar-beet processing was mixed with rock salt and adhered to road surfaces about 40% better than loose rock salt alone. Because it stayed on the road longer, the treatment did not have to be repeated several times, saving time and money.
In the technical terms of physical chemistry, the minimum freezing point of a water-salt mixture is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt. Freezing near this concentration is however so slow that the eutectic point of −22.4 °C (−8.3 °F) can be reached with about 25 wt% of salt.
Environmental effects
Road salt ends up in freshwater bodies and could harm aquatic plants and animals by disrupting their osmoregulation ability.The omnipresence of salt in coastal areas poses a problem in any coating application because trapped salts cause great problems in adhesion. Naval authorities and shipbuilders monitor the salt concentrations on surfaces during construction. Maximal salt concentrations on surfaces are dependent on the authority and application. The IMO regulation is mostly used and sets salt levels to a maximum of 50 mg/m2 soluble salts measured as sodium chloride. These measurements are done by means of a Bresle test. Salinization (increasing salinity, aka freshwater salinization syndrome) and subsequent increased metal leaching is an ongoing problem throughout North America and European fresh waterways.
In highway de-icing, salt has been associated with the corrosion of bridge decks, motor vehicles, reinforcement bars, wire, and unprotected steel structures used in road construction. Surface runoff, vehicle spraying, and windblown salt also affect soil, roadside vegetation, and local surface water and groundwater supplies. Although evidence of environmental loading of salt has been found during peak usage, the spring rains and thaws usually dilute the concentrations of sodium in the area where salt was applied. A 2009 study found that approximately 70% of the road salt being applied in the Minneapolis-St Paul metro area is retained in the local watershed.
Substitution
Some agencies are substituting beer, molasses, and beet juice instead of road salt. Airlines utilize more glycol and sugar rather than salt-based solutions for deicing.
Food industry and agriculture
Many microorganisms cannot live in a salty environment: water is drawn out of their cells by osmosis. For this reason, salt is used to preserve some foods, such as bacon, fish, or cabbage.
Salt is added to food, either by the food producer or by the consumer, as a flavor enhancer, preservative, binder, fermentation-control additive, texture-control agent, and color developer. The salt consumption in the food industry is subdivided, in descending order of consumption, into other food processing, meat packers, canning, baking, dairy, and grain mill products. Salt is added to promote color development in bacon, ham, and other processed meat products. As a preservative, salt inhibits the growth of bacteria. Salt acts as a binder in sausages to form a binding gel made up of meat, fat, and moisture. Salt also acts as a flavor enhancer and as a tenderizer.
In many dairy industries, salt is added to cheese as a color-, fermentation-, and texture-control agent. The dairy subsector includes companies that manufacture creamery butter, condensed and evaporated milk, frozen desserts, ice cream, natural and processed cheese, and specialty dairy products. In canning, salt is primarily added as a flavor enhancer and preservative. It also is used as a carrier for other ingredients, dehydrating agents, enzyme inhibitors, and tenderizers. In baking, salt is added to control the rate of fermentation in bread dough. It also is used to strengthen the gluten (the elastic protein-water complex in certain doughs) and as a flavor enhancer, such as a topping on baked goods. The food-processing category also contains grain mill products. These products consist of milling flour and rice and manufacturing cereal breakfast food and blended or prepared flour. Salt is also used as a seasoning agent, e.g. in potato chips, pretzels, and cat and dog food.
Sodium chloride is used in veterinary medicine as an emesis-causing agent. It is given as a warm saturated solution. Emesis can also be caused by pharyngeal placement of a small amount of plain salt or salt crystals.
Medicine
Sodium chloride is used together with water as one of the primary solutions for intravenous therapy. Nasal spray often contains a saline solution.
Firefighting
Sodium chloride is the principal extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers (Met-L-X, Super D) used on combustible metal fires such as magnesium, potassium, sodium, and NaK alloys (Class D). Thermoplastic powder is added to the mixture, along with waterproofing (metal stearates) and anticaking agents (tricalcium phosphate) to form the extinguishing agent. When it is applied to the fire, the salt acts like a heat sink, dissipating heat from the fire, and also forms an oxygen-excluding crust to smother the fire. The plastic additive melts and helps the crust maintain its integrity until the burning metal cools below its ignition temperature. This type of extinguisher was invented in the late 1940s as a cartridge-operated unit, although stored pressure versions are now popular. Common sizes are 30 pounds (14 kg) portable and 350 pounds (160 kg) wheeled.
Cleanser
Since at least medieval times, people have used salt as a cleansing agent rubbed on household surfaces. It is also used in many brands of shampoo, and toothpaste, and popularly to de-ice driveways and patches of ice.
Optical usage
Defect-free NaCl crystals have an optical transmittance of about 90% for infrared light, specifically between 200 nm and 20 µm. They were therefore used in optical components (windows and prisms) operating in that spectral range, where few non-absorbing alternatives exist and where requirements for the absence of microscopic inhomogeneities are less strict than in the visible range. While inexpensive, NaCl crystals are soft and hygroscopic – when exposed to the ambient air, they gradually cover with “frost”. This limits the application of NaCl to dry environments, vacuum-sealed assembly areas, or for short-term uses such as prototyping. Nowadays materials like zinc selenide (ZnSe), which are stronger mechanically and are less sensitive to moisture, are used instead of NaCl for the infrared spectral range.
PRODUCT’s GENERAL INFORMATION
SUPPORTING BY PRESENT SAMPLE!
Appearance
White Crystallized Powder
Sodium Chloride
Min 96%
Water Conten
Max 3%
Insoluble Matter Content in Water
Max 0.2%
Ca2+ Mg2+ Content
Max 0.3%
Sulfate Ion
Max 0.5%
Packing Style:
1 Metric Ton Jumbo Bag (PP / PE)
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Bentonite is an swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite. Na-montmorillonite has a considerably greater swelling capacity than Ca-montmorillonite.
Bentonite usually forms from the weathering of volcanic ash in seawater, or by hydrothermal circulation through the porosity of volcanic ash beds,which converts (devitrification) the volcanic glass (obsidian, rhyolite, dacite) present in the ash into clay minerals. In the mineral alteration process, a large fraction (up to 40-50 wt.%) of amorphous silica is dissolved and leached away, leaving the bentonite deposit in place Bentonite beds are white or pale blue or green (traces of reduced Fe2+ ) in fresh exposures, turning to a cream color and then yellow, red, or brown (traces of oxidized Fe3+ ) as the exposure is weathered further.
As a swelling clay, bentonite has the ability to absorb large quantities of water, which increases its volume by up to a factor of eight. This makes bentonite beds unsuitable for building and road construction. However, the swelling property is used to advantage in drilling mud and groundwater sealants. The montmorillonite/smectite making up bentonite is an aluminum phyllosilicate mineral, which takes the form of microscopic platy grains. These give the clay a very large total surface area, making bentonite a valuable adsorbent. The plates also adhere to each other when wet. This gives the clay a cohesiveness that makes it useful as a binder and as an additive to improve the plasticity of kaolinite clay used for pottery.
One of the first findings of bentonite was in the Cretaceous Benton Shale near Rock River, Wyoming. The Fort Benton Group, along with others in stratigraphic succession, was named after Fort Benton, Montana, in the mid-19th century by Fielding Bradford Meek and F. V. Hayden of the U.S. Geological Survey. Bentonite has since been found in many other locations, including China and Greece (bentonite deposit of the Milos volcanic island in the Aegean Sea). The total worldwide production of bentonite in 2018 was 20,400,000 metric tons.
Applications:
The main uses of bentonite are in drilling mud and as a binder, purifier, absorbent, and carrier for fertilizers or pesticides. As of around 1990, almost half of the US production of bentonite was used as drilling mud. Minor uses include filler, sealant, and catalyst in petroleum refining. Calcium bentonite is sometimes marketed as fuller’s earth, whose uses overlap with those of other forms of bentonite.
Drilling mud
Bentonite is used in drilling mud to lubricate and cool the cutting tools (drill bit), remove cuttings, stabilize the borehole walls, and help prevent blowouts (by maintaining sufficient hydraulic pressure in the well). Bentonite also curtails drilling fluid invasion by its propensity for aiding in the formation of mud cake.Much of bentonite’s usefulness in the drilling and geotechnical engineering industry comes from its unique rheological properties. Relatively small quantities of bentonite suspended in water form a viscous, shear-thinning material. Most often, bentonite suspensions are also thixotropic, although rare cases of rheopectic behavior have also been reported. At high enough concentrations (about 60 grams of bentonite per liter of suspension, ~6wt.%), bentonite suspensions begin to take on the characteristics of a gel (a fluid with a minimum yield strength required to make it move).
Binder
Bentonite has been widely used as a foundry-sand bond in iron and steel foundries. Sodium bentonite is most commonly used for large castings that use dry molds, while calcium bentonite is more commonly used for smaller castings that use “green” or wet molds. Bentonite has also been used as a binding agent in the manufacture of iron ore (taconite) pellets as used in the steelmaking industry. Bentonite, in small percentages, is used as an ingredient in commercial and homemade clay bodies and ceramic glazes. It greatly increases the plasticity of clay bodies and decreases settling in glazes, making both easier to work with for most applications.
The ionic surface of bentonite has a useful property in making a sticky coating on sand grains. When a small proportion of finely ground bentonite clay is added to hard sand and wetted, the clay binds the sand particles into a moldable aggregate known as green sand used for making molds in sand casting. Some river deltas naturally deposit just such a blend of clay silt and sand, creating a natural source of excellent molding sand that was critical to ancient metalworking technology. Modern chemical processes to modify the ionic surface of bentonite greatly intensify this stickiness, resulting in remarkably dough-like yet strong casting sand mixes that stand up to molten metal temperatures.
The same effluvial deposition of bentonite clay onto beaches accounts for the variety of plasticity of sand from place to place for building sand castles. Beach sand consisting of only silica and shell grains does not mold well compared to grains coated with bentonite clay. This is why some beaches are much better for building sandcastles than others.
The self-stickiness of bentonite allows high-pressure ramming or pressing of the clay in molds to produce hard, refractory shapes, such as model rocket nozzles.
Purification
Bentonites are used for decolorizing various mineral, vegetable, and animal oils. They are also used for clarifying wine, liquor, cider, beer, mead, and vinegar.
Bentonite has the property of adsorbing relatively large amounts of protein molecules from aqueous solutions. Consequently, bentonite is uniquely useful in the process of winemaking, where it is used to remove excessive amounts of protein from white wines. Were it not for this use of bentonite, many or most white wines would precipitate undesirable flocculent clouds or hazes upon exposure to warm temperatures, as these proteins denature. It also has the incidental use of inducing more rapid clarification of both red and white wines.
Bentonite is also considered an effective low-cost adsorbent for the removal of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solutions (contaminated wastewater).
Absorbent
Bentonite is used in a variety of pet care items such as cat litter to absorb pet waste. It is also used to absorb oils and grease.
Carrier
Bentonite is used as an inert carrier for pesticides, fertilizers, and fire retardants. It helps ensure that the active agent is uniformly dispersed and that pesticides and fertilizers are retained on the plants.
Filler
Bentonite is used as a filler in a wide variety of products, including adhesives, cosmetics, paint, rubber, and soaps. It also acts as a stabilizer and extender in these products.
Sealant
The property of swelling in contact with water makes sodium bentonite useful as a sealant since it provides a self-sealing, low-permeability barrier. It is used to line the base of landfills to prevent migration of leachate, for confining metal pollutants in groundwater, and for the sealing of subsurface disposal systems for spent nuclear fuel. Similar uses include making slurry walls, waterproofing below-grade walls, and forming other impermeable barriers, e.g., to seal off the annulus of a water well, to plug old wells.
Bentonite can also be “sandwiched” between synthetic materials to create geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) for the aforementioned purposes. This technique allows for more convenient transport and installation, and it greatly reduces the volume of bentonite required. It is also used to form a barrier around newly planted trees to constrain root growth so as to prevent damage to nearby pipes, footpaths, and other infrastructure. Farmers use bentonite to seal retention ponds and line canals.
Catalyst
High-purity calcium bentonite is treated with acid for use as a catalyst in cracking heavy petroleum fractions.
Medicine
Bentonite has been prescribed as a bulk laxative, and it is also used as a base for many dermatologic formulas.Granular bentonite is being studied for use in battlefield wound dressings. Bentonite is also sold online and in retail outlets for a variety of indications.
Bentoquatam is a bentonite-based topical medication intended to act as a shield against exposure to urushiol, the oil found in plants such as poison ivy or poison oak.
Bentonite can also be used as a desiccant due to its adsorption properties. Bentonite desiccants have been successfully used to protect pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and diagnostic products from moisture degradation and extend shelf life. In most common package environments, bentonite desiccants offer a higher water adsorption capacity than silica gel desiccants. Bentonite complies with the FDA for contact with food and drugs.
Farming in Thailand
The application of clay technology by farmers in northeast Thailand, using bentonite clay, has dramatically reversed soil degradation and resulted in greater economic returns, with higher yields and higher output prices. Studies carried out by The International Water Management Institute and partners in 2002–2003 focused on the application of locally sourced bentonite clays to degraded soils in the region. These applications were carried out in structured field trials. Applying bentonite clays effectively improved yields of forage sorghum grown under rain-fed conditions.
Bentonite application also influenced the prices that farmers received for their crops. Production costs are higher, but due to higher production and the quality of the food, clay farmers could afford to invest and grow more and better food, compared to nonclay-using farmers.
Bentonite slurry walls in modern construction
Bentonite slurry walls (also known as diaphragm walls) are used in construction, where the slurry wall is a trench filled with a thick colloidal mixture of bentonite and water. A trench that would collapse due to the hydraulic pressure in the surrounding soil does not collapse as the slurry balances the hydraulic pressure. Forms for concrete, and rebar, can be assembled in a slurry-filled trench, and then have concrete poured into the form. The liquid concrete being denser displaces the less-dense bentonite slurry and causes the latter to overflow from the trench. This displaced bentonite slurry is then channeled to a recycling unit from which it can subsequently be reused in a new trench elsewhere on the construction site.
In addition, because the colloid is relatively impervious to water, a slurry wall can prevent the seepage of groundwater, which is useful in preventing the further spread of groundwater that has been contaminated by toxic material such as industrial waste.
Ceramics
Plasticity is the property of clay that allows it to be manipulated and retain its shape without cracking after the shaping force has been removed; clays with low plasticity are known as or short or non-plastic. A small amount of bentonite added to clay can increase its plasticity, and hence ease forming of articles by some shaping techniques. However, bentonite typically contains minerals that affect the fired color of the mix,and its swelling properties can make such a mix prone to significant shrinkage and potential cracking as it dries.
Ceramic glazes often contain bentonite. The bentonite is added to slow or prevent the settling of the glazes. It can also improve the consistency of the application of glazes on porous biscuit-fired ware. Once a certain amount of glaze water has been absorbed by the biscuit the bentonite effectively clogs the pores and resists the absorption of further water resulting in a more evenly thick coat.
Emergency use
Bentonite is used in industry and emergency response as a chemical absorbent and container sealant.
PRODUCT’s GENERAL INFORMATION
SUPPORTING BY PRESENT SAMPLE!
Applicable Standard
API Standard
Viscometer Dial reading at 600 rpm
Min 30
Yield point / plastic viscosity ratio
Max 3
Filtrate Volume
Max 15 Cubic cm
Residue greater than 75 micrometers
Max 4 WT %
Moisture
Max 10 WT %
Packing Style:
1 Metric Ton Jumbo Bag (PP / PE)
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Barite is a mineral composed of barium sulfate (BaSO4). It receives its name from the Greek word “barys” which means “heavy.” This name is in response to barite’s high specific gravity of 4.5, which is exceptional for a nonmetallic mineral. The high specific gravity of barite makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial, medical, and manufacturing uses. Barite also serves as the principal ore of barium.
Uses:
Between 69 to 77% of baryte worldwide is used as a weighting agent for drilling fluids in oil and gas exploration to suppress high formation pressures and prevent blowouts. An additional benefit of baryte is that it is non-magnetic and thus does not interfere with magnetic measurements taken in the borehole, either during logging-while-drilling or in separate drill hole logging. Baryte used for drilling petroleum wells can be black, blue, brown, or gray depending on the ore body. The main usage of Barite is as follows:
Drilling Industry:
The overwhelming majority of the barite that is mined is used by the petroleum industry as a weighting material in the formulation of drilling mud. Barite increases the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling mud allowing it to compensate for high-pressure zones experienced during drilling. The softness of the mineral also prevents it from damaging drilling tools during drilling and enables it to serve as a lubricant. The American Petroleum Institute (API) has established specifications for the use of barite in drilling mud.
Medical Industry:
An application where many people have heard of Barite is within the medical field. A high-purity form of barite is used in the gastrointestinal tract where its density prevents X-ray penetration and thus is visible on an X-ray. The outline of the gastrointestinal tract thus becomes visible allowing the determination of normal and abnormal anatomy.
Other Uses:
Barite is also used in a wide variety of other applications including plastics, clutch pads, rubber mudflaps, mold release compounds, radiation shielding, television and computer monitors, sound-deadening material in automobiles, traffic cones, brake linings, paint, and golf balls.
PRODUCT’s GENERAL INFORMATION
SUPPORTING BY PRESENT SAMPLE!
Appearance
Cream / Gray Powder
Applicable Standard
API 13A, Section2
Density
Min 4.20 g.cm3
Residue greater than 75
Max Mass Fraction 3.0%
Particles less than 6
Max mass fraction 30%
Soluble Alkaline Earth Metals
Max 250mg/kg
Packing Style:
1 Metric Ton Jumbo Bag (PP / PE)
1.5 Metric Ton Jumbo Bag (PP / PE)
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potassium chloride (KCl), ionic compound whose molecules consist of one potassium atom and one chlorine atom. It is a white-to-colorless face-centered cubic crystal.
Production
Potassium chloride can be extracted from sylvinite, a mineral mixture of sodium chloride (halite) and potassium chloride (sylvite), mined for potash, a mixture of potassium chloride and other potassium compounds. Potassium chloride is recovered from ores in Saskatchewan, Canada (which produces more than one-quarter of the world’s potash), and to a lesser extent from ores in New Mexico, U.S. It is refined from sylvite by using either fractional crystallization or the flotation process. In fractional crystallization, materials are refined based on differences in solubility. In the flotation process, air bubbles are injected into a flotation cell of potassium chloride crystals that are covered by surface-active materials. These air bubbles attach to the potassium chloride crystals, which generate a potassium chloride foam, and this foam is then mechanically separated by using a centrifuge.
In the refining of ores in Utah, water is used to help the process. The water dissolves the potassium chloride, and this solution is then pumped back to the surface, where the water evaporates, leaving the potassium chloride.
Uses
Potassium chloride is most often used in potash as part of an effective fertilizer for plants. Approximately 90 percent of all potassium chloride manufactured is used in the fertilizer industry. Other uses include industrial, pharmaceutical, and food and beverage applications.
In medicine it is used to treat or prevent low levels of potassium (hypokalemia) in the human body. Potassium ions are needed for proper functioning of the heart, muscles, kidneys, and nervous and digestive systems.
Potassium chloride can be substituted for salt (sodium chloride) in water softeners and in processes related to food processing. For people with high blood pressure, potassium chloride can be used as a salt substitute in food. Potassium chloride is added to sodium chloride in table salt instead of using pure potassium chloride. (Potassium chloride does not have as salty a taste as sodium chloride.) A small substitution of potassium chloride into table salt helps reduce sodium intake for people worried about the health effects of too much sodium in their diet.
Potassium chloride is often added to animal feed to increase milk production in cows and goats.
When aluminum is to be welded, potassium chloride is used in the flux between the two pieces of metal.
Chemical and physical properties
Potassium chloride has a molecular mass of 74.551 grams per mole, a solubility in water of 253.9 grams per liter at 20 °C (68 °F), and a density of 1.984 grams per milliliter. It is odorless and has a slightly sour taste. The melting point is 770 °C (1,418 °F), and the boiling point is 1,420 °C (2,588 °F).
Potassium chloride readily dissolves in water, and the aqueous solution that forms is a good conductor of electricity. Potassium chloride produces a lilac or pale violet color when it burns. While it is not directly used in fireworks, potassium chloride is used to manufacture other chemicals used in pyrotechnics, such as potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate.
PRODUCT’s GENERAL INFORMATION
SUPPORTING BY PRESENT SAMPLE!
Appearance
Mix of Pink & Gray Powder, Fine-Grained
Applicable Standard
GOST 4568-95
Mass Fraction of KCL (%)
Min 95%
Mass Fraction of K2O (5)
Min 60%
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) (%)
Not More than 1%
Mass Content of Water (%)
Not More than 1%
Friability (%)
100
Packing Style:
1 Metric Ton Jumbo Bag (PP / PE)
50 Kg Bags
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